Reaction wheels are useful things, typically used by satellites to keep themselves oriented the right way up in space. Turning the reaction wheel creates an equal and opposite torque in the spacecraft ...

Abstract: Nonsmooth phenomena, such as abrupt changes, impacts, and switching behaviors, frequently arise in real-world systems and present significant challenges for traditional optimal control ...

The study of the pendulum problem lies at the intersection of mathematics and physics, with a focus on its representation through differential equations. However, finding analytical solutions using ...

This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the dynamics of the double pendulum, with a particular emphasis on its chaotic behavior. It examines the complicated and unpredictable ...