Statistics are often estimated from a sample rather than from the entire population. If the inclusion probability of the sample is unknown to the researcher, that is, a nonprobability sample, naively ...

Niigata, Japan - Human society includes various minority groups. However, it is often difficult to know whether someone is a minority member simply by looking at the person, as minority traits may not ...

A new sampling scheme, with probability of inclusion proportional to size, is proposed for a sample of given size n. It satisfies many requirements of a good sampling scheme under conditions usually ...

By Courtney Kennedy, Andrew Mercer, Scott Keeter, Nick Hatley, Kyley McGeeney and Alejandra Gimenez As the costs and nonresponse rates of traditional, probability-based surveys seem to grow each year, ...

Probability underpins AI, cryptography and statistics. However, as the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “Probability is the ...